HP 54753A Operation & User’s Manual
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HP 54753A, TDR Fundamentals Propagation on a Transmission Line 9-4 Propagation on a Transmission Line The classical transmission line is assumed to consist of a continuous structure of resistors (R), inductors (L) and capacitors (C), as shown in Figure 9-2. By studying this equivalent circuit, several characteristics of the transmission line can be determined. Figure 9-2 The Classical Model for a Transmission Line. If the line is infinitely long and R, L, G, and C are defined per unit length, then where Z o i
HP 54753A, 5-23 Differential and Common Mode Stimulus Menus This section describes the menus that are available when the stimulus is set to differential or common mode. TDR/TDT This TDR/TDT function allows you to select either TDR measurements or TDT measurements. The TDT measurement capability requires that an additional TDR or electrical plug-in module be installed in the mainframe. Key Path TDR/TDT Setup TDR/TDT TDR response 1 The TDR response 1 function is used to enable or disable the display of the differential or common mode TDR response 1. The choices available are off, differential, or common mode.
HP 54753A, The Instrument at a Glance Getting the Best Performance 1-5 Figure 1-1 Front panel of the plug-in module. Getting the Best Performance To ensure you obtain the specified accuracy, you must perform a plug-in module vertical calibration. The calibration must also be performed when you move a plug-in module from one slot to another or to a different mainframe. Refer to "Performing a Plug-in Module Vertical Calibration" in Chapter 3 for information on performing a plug-in module vertical calibration.
HP 54753A, Single-ended TDR Measurements Measuring Excess L/C 7-33 Figure 7-20 1 Press TDR/TDT Setup on the TDR plug-in module. 2 Press the Normalize response . . . softkey. 3 Press the Establish normalization & ref plane softkey. 4 Connect an SMA short to the end of the cable. 5 Press the Continue softkey. 6 Remove the short from the end of the cable and connect an SMA 50 ohm load to the end of the cable. 7 Press the Continue softkey. 8 Remove the 50 ohm load from the end of the cable.
TDR Fundamentals Instrument Configuration 9-20 Instrument Configuration In the proceeding sections little consideration was given to the effects of the configuration of the oscilloscope and step generator on the measurement. Now lets examine this important part of the TDR measurement. There are several different architectures for accomplishing a TDR measurement
The Instrument at a Glance Installing a Plug-in Module 1-6 Installing a Plug-in Module You do not need to turn off the mainframe to install or remove a plug-in module. The plug-in module can be installed in slots 1 and 2 or 3 and 4 on the HP 83480A, 54750A mainframe. The plug-in module will not function if it is installed in slots 2 and 3. To make sure the instrument m
Single-ended TDR Measurements Measuring Transmission Line Impedance 7-24 11 Change the + Position until the + marker is over the peak of the narrow trace discontinuity (Figure 7-14). Figure 7-14 The automated impedance measurement shows a value of 78.094 ohms which agrees approximately with our manually calculated value. However, the automated measurement is more accurate sinc
HP 54753A, TDR Fundamentals Step Reflection Testing 9-13 Figure 9-8 Determining the Time Constant of a Reflected Wave Returning from a Complex Z L Discontinuities on the Line So far, mention has been made only about the effect of a mismatched load at the end of a transmission line. Often, however, one is not only concerned with what is happening at the load, but also at intermediate points along the line. Consider the transmission system in Figure 9-9. Figure 9-9 Transmission System The junction of the two lines (both of characteristic impedance Z o ) employs a connector of some sort. Let us assume that the connector adds a small induc
HP 54753A, Differential TDR Measurements Measuring Differential and Common Mode Impedance 8-11 Figure 8-6 The portion of the waveforms starting at the left-hand of the display is where the cables are connected to the differential line. The positive and negative going steps are the reflected steps from the end of the differential line. The waveform separation seen is due to the difference in impedance along the differential line. The differential mode impedance for two 50 ohm uncoupled lines is 100 ohms. To verify which part of the waveform represents a certain part of the differential line, touch the differential line with your fi
HP 54753A, HP 54754A TDR/TDT Setup Menu Normalize response . . . 5-31 Normalize response . . . The Normalize response function allows you to change the risetime of the normalized step, to select TDR and TDT normalization, to turn on or off the display of the normalized TDR or TDT trace, to change the scaling of the normalized trace, and to establish the normalization filter values and reference plane. Risetime The Risetime function allows you to change the normalized step’s risetime from a minimum of 10 ps or which ever is gre
HP 54753A, The Instrument at a Glance Menu and Key Conventions 1-3 Menu and Key Conventions The keys labeled Trigger, Disk, and Run are all examples of front-panel keys. Pressing some front-panel keys accesses menus of functions that are displayed along the right side of the display screen. These menus are called softkey menus. Softkey menus list functions other than those accessed directly by the front- panel keys. To activate a function on the softkey menu, press the unlabeled key immediately next to the annotation on the screen. The unlabeled keys next to the annotation on the display are called softkeys. Additional functions are listed in blue type above and below some of the front- pa
HP 54753A, User’s Guide Publication number 54753-97010 Second edition, January 1999 For Safety information, Warranties, and Regulatory information, see pages behind the index © Copyright Hewlett-Packard Company 1999 All Rights Reserved HP 54753A and HP 54754A TDR Plug-in Modules
HP 54753A, Measure and Other TDR Specific Menus Response Menu Items 6-10 Response Menu Items When a TDR plug-in module is present in the mainframe, response menu choices will appear in many of the mainframe menus. The following is a list of the mainframe menus which will contain response menu choices. •Disk store waveform From waveform •Display Graph • Histogram Window • Limit Test Fail Action • Marker + Source • Marker X Source • Mask Fail Action • Mask Scale Automask • Math Define function . . . Operand 1 • Math Define function . . . Operand 2 •Measure Source • Waveform From waveform
HP 54753A, Single-ended TDR Measurements Measuring the Distance to a Discontinuity 7-39 Figure 7-25 1 Press the Clear display key. Whenever an external connection is changed, Clear display should be pressed to reset averaging. 2 Press the SETUP Marker key. 3 Press the Mode softkey and select TDR/TDT. 4 Press the Reference softkey to select ref plane. 5 Press the Marker units . . . softkey. 6 Press the Horiz units softkey to select meter. Before the distance from the reference plane (the end of the cable) to the narrow trace can be computed, either the dielectric constant or the velocity of the transmission line must be known. For the demo board the dielectric constant is approximately
HP 54753A, In Case of Difficulty If the Plug-in Does Not Operate 13-4 If the Plug-in Does Not Operate Make the following checks: 1 Is the plug-in module firmly seated in the mainframe slot? • Are the knurled screws at the bottom of the plug-in module finger-tight? • Is a trigger signal connected to a trigger input? • If other equipment, cables, and connectors are being used with the plug-in module are they connected properly and operating correctly? • Review the procedure for the test being performed when the problem
HP 54753A, Transmission Line Theory Applied to Digital Systems Transmission Line Design 11-12 (8) Solving equation 8, V 1 = 0.58 V. The implication of this result is that stubbing off the line with gate loads in a distributed fashion is not recommended, due to the reduced initial voltage swing. However, it would be acceptable to lump the loads at the end of the line. Since the value of the load resistor is greater than the characteristic impedance, the voltage swing at the load resistor is greater than v1 by the amount of ρ L V 1 , (in this example, 193 mV). When t = T D + T 1 , the voltage at B is equal to 0.387 V; so 82 mV of undershoot occu
Improving Time Domain Network Measurements Removing Measurement Errors 10-15 Figure 10-11 By adding a section of airline between the test port and the DUT, you can more clearly distinguish primary and secondary reflections After an adequate separation has been achieved, a time window can be selected which does not include the undesirable secondary reflections. Figure 10-12 illustrates the rem
HP 54753A, HP 54754A TDR/TDT Setup Menu Preset TDR/TDT 5-22 rate varies automatically as the Time base Scale is changed to keep multiple steps off screen. As the TDR rate decreases, TDR measurements can be made on longer transmission lines. Key Path TDR/TDT Setup TDR rate automatic Key Path TDR/TDT Setup TDR rate manual Preset TDR/TDT The Preset TDR/TDT function prepares the oscilloscope for making TDR/TDT measurements by automatically setting several menu fields. The TDR preset feature appears in the TDR/TDT Setup me
HP 54754A TDR/TDT Setup Menu 5-4 Normalize response . . . TDR/TDT Risetime TDR normalize Establish normalization & ref plane Done TDT TDR on off Normalize 1 response . . . TDR/TDT Risetime TDR normalize Establish normalization & ref plane Done TDT TDR on off Normalize 2 response . . . TDR/TDT Risetime TDR normalize Establish normalization & ref plane Done TDT TDR on off
HP 54753A, Transmission Line Theory Applied to Digital Systems Transmission Line Design 11-5 where: v A (t) = voltage at point A, x = the distance to an arbitrary point on the line, l = the total line length, t pd = the propagation delay of the line in ns/unit distance, T D = l t pd , u(t) = a unit step function occurring at t = 0, and E S (t) = the source voltage at the sending end of the line. When the incident voltage v 1 reaches the end of the long line, a reflected voltage v’ 1 will occur if R L ≠ Z o . The reflection coefficient at the load, ρ L , can be obtained by applying Ohm'
HP 54753A, TDR Fundamentals Instrument Configuration 9-22 The distance or time resolution of a Time Domain Network Analysis (TDNA) system is related to the system risetime. The distance to a discontinuity is given by: so that where c is the speed of light, t o is the Delta time between the incident step and the reflected signal, and ε r is the relative dielectric constant of the dielectric of the transmission line. Therefore the distance that separates two discontinuities is given by: where t 1 is the two way travel time to one discontinuity and t 2 is the two way travel time to se
HP 54753A, Transmission Line Theory Applied to Digital Systems Transmission Line Design 11-9 A slightly different situation can exist when the output of the MECL gate switches from a logic 1 to a logic 0. The output of the MECL gate will turn off if the termination resistor, R L , is somewhat larger than the characteristic impedance of the line. For the conditions in Figure 11-4, the output transistor of the MECL gate will turn off at t = 0 for the negative going transition, when R L > 70 Ω. An equation for the value fo
HP 54753A, Index Index-1 Numerics 2 only stimulus menus 5-13 A accuracy performance 1-5 active probe 3-5 Alternate scale softkey 3-6 Atten units softkey 3-6 attenuation range 3-6 Attenuation softkey 3-6 automatic measurement 3-4 auxiliary power connector 1-4 B bandwidth limit 7-5 Bandwidth softkey 3-6 C CAL signal 3-11 Cal status softkey 3-10 Calibrate probe softkey 3-11 Calibrate softkey 3-8 calibration mainframe 3-13 overview 3-12 plug-in module vertical calibration 3-17 probe 3-18 status 13-4 user 3-16 validity 3-11 vertical 1-5 voltage probe 3-18 capacitance 7-6 channel display 3-4 input 1-4
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